Madden-Julian Oscillation

The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the largest element of the intraseasonal (30–90 days) variability in the tropical atmosphere. It is a large-scale coupling between atmospheric circulation and tropical deep convection.^[1][2] Rather than being a standing pattern (like ENSO) it is a traveling pattern, propagating eastwards at approximately 4 to 8 m/s, through the atmosphere above the warm parts of the Indian and Pacific oceans. This overall circulation pattern manifests itself in various ways, most clearly as anomalousrainfall. This was discovered by Roland Madden and Paul Julian.

The MJO affects the intra-seasonal variations in Indian summer monsoon and is very important area of study. 

This MJO was mentioned in Yojana issue on 'Monsoon'.

FASAL

Forecasting of Agriculture outputs through Satellite, Agrometeorology and Land based observations (FASAL)

FASAL is a countrywide project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture. 

Crop production forecasting of major crops in the country namely wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, mustard, groundnut and sorghum has been done

Great Pacific Garbage Patch

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, also described as the Pacific Trash Vortex, is gyre of marine litter in the central North Pacific Ocean located roughly between135°W to 155°W and 35°N to 42°N. The patch extends over an indeterminate area, with estimates ranging very widely depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area.

The Patch is characterized by exceptionally high concentrations of plastics,chemical sludge and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre in a relatively stationary region of the North Pacific Ocean (commonly referred to as horse latitudes). The patch consists primarily of suspended particulates in the upper water column (and is therefore not visible from satellites). 

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch formed gradually as a result of marine pollution gathered by oceanic currents.The gyre's rotational pattern draws in waste material from across the North Pacific Ocean, including coastal waters off North America and Japan. As material is captured in the currents, wind-driven surface currents gradually move floating debris toward the center, trapping it in the region.

It was recently in the news as the debris caused by the Japan Tsunami of 2011 is said to have floated towards this garbage patch.

A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean. See: North Atlantic Garbage Patch

A gyre is any large system of rotating ocean currents. The 5 major gyres are: North Pacific Gyre, South Pacific Gyre, Indian Ocean Gyre, North Atlantic Gyre and South Atlantic Gyre.

Sources: 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch

NCERT Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Class 11.

Ecohydrology

Ecohydrology is an interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between water and ecosystems. These interactions may take place within water bodies, such as rivers and lakes, or on land, in forests, deserts, and other terrestrial ecosystems. Areas of research in ecohydrology include transpiration and plant water use, adaption of organisms to their water environment, influence of vegetation on stream flow and function, and feedbacks between ecological processes and the hydrological cycle.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecohydrology

'River Capture'

The diversion (capture) of the headwaters of one river into a neighbouring river. River capture occurs when a stream is carrying out rapid headward erosion (backwards erosion at its source). Eventually the stream will cut into the course of a neighbouring river, causing the headwaters of that river to be diverted, or ‘captured’.1 

The additional water flowing down the capturing stream may accelerate erosion and encourage the development of a canyon (gorge).The now-dry valley of the original stream is known as a wind gap.2

Sources:
1. http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0035439.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_capture