Monday, 26 March 2012

MARS500 Experiment

Mars-500 is a psychosocial experiment conducted by Russia, Europe and China in preparation for manned spaceflight to the planet Mars. The experiment was intended to yield valuable psychological and medical data on the effects of the planned long-term deep space mission. The experiment permitted the study of the technical challenges, work capability of crew and management of long-distance spaceflight. Communications lag, autonomy, resource rationing, health, conditions of isolation and hermetically closed, confined environment, are the main peculiarities of the Martian flight. 


In 2004, preparation for a mission to Mars began with discussions resulting in the Mars-500 experiment, complimenting contemporary research on-board the ISS. The experiment's facility is located in Moscow.


Between 2007 and 2011, a crew of volunteers lived and worked in a mock-up spacecraft. The final stage of the experiment, which was intended to simulate a 520-day manned mission. The experiment helped plan the interplanetary mission, identifying possible problems and solutions. 


Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARS-500

Zeolites

Zeolites are microporous crystalline solids. Many occur naturally as minerals, and are extensively mined in many parts of the world. Others are synthetic, and are made commercially for specific uses.


     










Because of their unique porous properties they are often also referred to as molecular sieves.  Zeolites are used in a variety of applications with a global market of several milliion tonnes per annum:
- in petrochemical cracking: helps convert fuel oil into gasoline and LPG , 
- water softening and purification: used to separate harmful organics from water
- in the separation and removal of gases and solvents. 
- Other applications are in agriculture, animal husbandry and construction. 

Commercial waste water containing heavy metals, and nuclear effluents containing radioactive isotopes can also be cleaned up using such zeolites. Thus many commercial washing powders contain substantial amounts of zeolite.
- Zeolites can remove atmospheric pollutants, such as engine exhaust gases and ozone-depleting CFCs. 


Zeolites contribute to a cleaner, safer environment in a great number of ways. In fact nearly every application of zeolites has been driven by environmental concerns, or plays a significant role in reducing toxic waste and energy consumption. 


Source: 
1. http://www.bza.org/zeolites.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)

History of Supreme Court of India


"The promulgation of Regulating Act of 1773 by the King of England paved the way for establishment of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta. The Letters of Patent was issued on 26 March 1774 to establish the Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta, as a Court of Record, with full power & authority to hear and determine all complaints for any crimes and also to entertain, hear and determine any suits or actions against any of His Majesty’s subjects in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The Supreme Courts at Madras and Bombay was established by King George – III on 26 December 1800 and on 8 December 1823 respectively.

The India High Courts Act 1861 was enacted to create High Courts for various provinces and abolished Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the Sadar Adalats in Presidency towns. These High Courts had the distinction of being the highest Courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935. The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against Judgements from High Courts.

After India attained independence in 1947, the Constitution of India came into being on 26 January 1950. The Supreme Court of India also came into existence and its first sitting was held on 28 January 1950."

Source: supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/m2.pdf

History Quiz 5

This quiz has questions based on "Social Reform Movements and Reformers"


1. Who wrote 'Gift to Monotheists' and 'Precepts of Jesus'?

2. Brahmo Samaj, founded in 1828 derived inspiration from which texts?

3. Who founded the Hindu College in 1817?

4. Why did the Derozians and the Young Bengal movement fail to create a movement?

5. True/False
a. Tattvabodhini Sabha was founded to propogate Rammohun Roy's ideas.
b. B.M.Malabari made efforts towards restriction of child marriage.
c. The Hindu Widows Remarriage Act 1856, stated that upon remarriage the widow will cease to have any right in the property of the deceased first/previous husband.
d. The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856 applied to all of India
e. Rammohun Roy set up the Atmiya Sabha in 1814
f. Rammohun Roy set up the Vedanta College

6. Who was the founder of Paramahamsa Mandali and what were its beliefs?

7. Who was Lokahitawadi: Gopal Krishna Gokhale or Gopal Hari Deshmukh? And what were his beliefs?

8. Who were the principal actors/people involved in the passing of the Abolition of Sati Act 1829?

9. Who set up the Indian Women's University in Bombay?

10. Who founded the Satyashodhak Samaj and what were its obejctives?

11. Who is Narayan Malhar Joshi?
a. He founded the Social Service League in 1911 to secure decent wages and work conditions for labourers
b. He founded the All India Trade Union Congress in 1925

12. Which social movement centered around the Ezhavas and what were its aims?

13. What are 'self-respect marriages'?

14. What is the Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924?

15. What is common between Titu Mir, Dudu Mian, and Haji Shariatallah?

16. Who laid the foundation of the Central Hindu College in Benaras?

17. Which organisations were influenced by the Brahmo Samaj?

18. What is the 'Aligarh School'?

19. What was the objective of the Akali movement?

20. What are the contributions of Margaret Cousins to the Indian Freedom Struggle?

21. Match the associations with founders
a. All India Womens Conference 1927              1. M K Gandhi    
b. All India Scheduled Castes Federation           2. Sri Narayana Guru
c. All India Depressed Classes Association        3. Narayan Malhar Joshi
d. All India Trade Union Congress                     4. B R Ambedkar
e. All India Harijan Sabha 1932                         5. Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins, Sarojini Naidu,  
                                                                             Rajkumari Amrit Kaur


Tuesday, 20 March 2012

History Quiz 4

This quiz pertains to the topic: "Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policies of the British"


1. What were the three pillars of British administration?

2. Why was the Fort William College of Calcutta replaced by the East India College at Haileybury?

3. When did the Court of Directors loose the authority to appoint civil servants of EIC?

4. Why were Indians excluded from the higher ranks of the civil service?

5. What were the chief functions of the Indian army?

6. How could the British control India with an army composed mainly of Indians?

7. Cornwallis created which two services?

8. When was the first Law Commission set up and why?

9. Why did the British begin interfering in the Indians' social and cultural life?

10.What is 'colonial modernisation'?

11. WHo set up Calcutta Madarsa and Sanskrit college at Varanasi and why?

12. State True/False
      a. Macaulay's Minute of 1835 asked the GoI to promote mass education.
      b. Woods' Despatch 1854 argued for teaching in english as the Indian languages were 'insufficient'
      c. Woods' Despatch 1854 emphasized the need to promote education for females.
      d. Macaulay's Minute 1835 allowed privatisation of education.
  

Saturday, 17 March 2012

History Quiz 3

This quiz relates to the topic: 
"The Structure of Government and the Economic Policies of the British Empire in India, 1757-1857"

1. What were the main objectives of the Government of India in the period 1757-1857?

2. How did the rise of manufacturing class change British policies towards India?

3. Who devised the "Permanent Settlement"?

4. State True/False
(a) The Regulating Act 1773 created a Board of Control which would supervise the Court of Directors
(b) The Pitts India Act 1784 provided for a Governor-General and a council of 3 members to govern.
(c) The Charter Act 1813 ended the EIC's monopoly over trade with China and tea-trade.
(d) The Charter Act 1833 ended EIC's monopoly over trade with India.
(e) The Charter Act 1833 set up the Law Commission to codify laws.
(f) The Law Commission was headed by Lord Macaulay and its work contributed to forming the IPC, CrPC, CPC.

5. When did the EIC acquire Diwani rights to Bengal.

6. Why was the Battle of Buxar decisive for the British?

7. Who were the EIC's detractors in Britain?

8. What was the opportunity which initiated the reorganisation in Company and British Government relations?

9. Why did the Regulation Act 1773 break down in practice?

10. Why did the Indian rulers encourage the establishment of British factories in India?

11. What are "investments"?

12. When and where was the first telegraph line introduced in India?

13. What were some of the transport and communication innovations introduced/pioneered by Lord Dalhousie?

14. Who introduced Permanent Settlement in India?

15. Why did the British recognize Zamindars as proprietors of land?

Thursday, 15 March 2012

Thomas Lubanga

Thomas Lubanga was a Congolese warlord who has been  indicted by the International Criminal Court for crimes of recruiting and using child soldiers between 2002 and 2003. He headed a rebel group during an inter-ethnic conflict in a gold-rich region of Democratic Republic of Congo.


This is the ICC's first verdict since it was set up 10 years ago and has been hailed as a coming-of-age of the institution, and its ability to bring the world's worst offenders to justice when national authorities have failed to investigate their crimes.


Others ICC suspects include Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, the son of the former Libyan leader, and several members of the Sudanese government, including President Omar al-Bashir. 


Read more on ICC/Rome Statute: http://hyd-n-spook.blogspot.in/2011/09/rome-statute-icc.html

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17364988

Wednesday, 14 March 2012

History Quiz 2

This quiz pertains to the topic " European Penetration and British Conquest of India"

1. Why did the west-European states of Spain and Portugal look for sea-routes to India when there were perfectly functioning land-routes  via West-Asia?

2. When did Vasco Da Gama discover India?

3. Goa was captured by whom and when?

4. Why did Bombay supercede Surat as the East India Company (EIC) headquarter on the west coast in the 17th century?

5. Why was the Battle of Wandiwash decisive for the EIC ?

6. The Treaty of Salbai 1782 concluded which war?

7. What all did the 'subsidiary alliance' treaty imply?

8. Which Indian ruler was the first to sign a Subsidiary Treaty

9. Which Maratha king halted Wellesley's expansion plans?

10. What were the reasons behind the annexation of Sind in 1843?

11. Who were Mulraj Singh and Chattar Singh Attariwala?

12. What was the underlying motive behind Lord Dalhousie's annexation policy?

13. What were Dalhousie's annexation policies?

Tuesday, 13 March 2012

History Quiz 1

Hello Friends,

Since I have reoriented myself towards prelim prep, I will not be posting articles discussing current affairs issues for a few months. However I am preparing some Q&A on different topics and am posting the same for any use they can be to you. So here goes...

This is a history quiz. Questions are taken from the NCERT textbook and Spectrum. Answers will be posted a day later. Send in your answers through comments and lets see how well you do. :)

This first quiz pertains to chapter 1 of NCERT- "India in the 18th century".

1. When was Delhi first occupied by British Forces?
2. When did Aurangzeb die?
3. During whose succession battle did nobles emerge as kingmakers?
4 What is 'Ijarah'?
5. The physical breakup of Mughal empire began with the rise of which successor state?
6. When did Nadir Shah invade India?
7. Period of Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasions?
8. Who was Ahmad Shah Abdali?
9. Which Indian rulers fought the East India Company at the Battle of Buxar?
10. What are 'succession states'?
11. Why did Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah give up the post of wazir of Mughal empire?
12. Match the Governors and Successor states
        a. Nizam ul Mulk Asaf Jah                                  1. Carnatic
        b. Nawab Saadatullah Khan                                2. Awadh and Allahabad
        c. Murshid Quli Khan and Alivardi Khan             3. Hyderabad
        d. Saadat Khan Burhan ul Mulk and Safdarjung   4. Bengal

13. What are 'Zij Muhammadshahi"?
14. What was the immediate reason that brought the Marathas in conflict with Ahamad Shah Abdali?

Wednesday, 7 March 2012

Interview Tips

Hello Friends,


Its that time of the year again. :) Best wishes to all those who cleared the mains written exam to proceed to the interview stage. Remember that the interview can make or break your entire effort. Last year I scored only 50 marks more than the written cutoff mark, but my interview scores propelled me into a decent rank and service (333).


For all those who couldn't make it through all the way to the end- we live to fight another day (and year). Good luck for the prelims. :)


Well, am pitching in with my two bits of interview experience and advice, for whatever it is worth. Feel free to drop in with questions/queries/comments 


Our mains application is one thing on which we must be thorough. The interviewer can throw any issue at us, and we may/may not know it, but there is no excuse if you cannot justify whats on your application. Regarding this I read one very useful tip -am posting below:

1. Firstly, take a printout of your mains application form. From that in a notebook write down each word of your application form on a different page. Ofcourse write relevant words, for example
----- the name of your school(s): Kendriya Vidyalaya or if it is named after some person after whom the school is named, like St. John/ Shyama Prasad Mukherjee etc.
----- If your address contained some persons name, eg mine contained "Assaye Lines"- I learnt that it referred to a battle of the Second Anglo-Maratha war. 
----- If you lived in any place then the history, geography, economy of that place, something its famous for- like artifacts, personalities, dams,industries etc. If it has been in the news recently.

Basically once you have written all relevant words on separate pages, then start thinking of all the questions they can ask about that word. Seek help from friends and family in finding questions they can ask. Then ofcourse prepare answers for all of them.  This way you will be confident when you walk into interview.

Other tips from my experience:

2. The interviewers jot down some topics beforehand on which they ask questions- for example last year I was asked about Mother Teresa, Indira Gandhi's ten-point programme, Green Revolution, paid-news scandal, since my interview fell on the birth anniversary of Ambedkar they asked me, "What is important about this day"- I said Ambedkar's anniversary, then they asked me what are some of the books he has written etc. Some of them as you can see, were completely out of the blue like Mother Teresa and Indira Gandhi's ten-point programme- answer them as best you can, and for what you dont know politely say that, "you are sorry, you dont know/cant recall" etc.

3. From the Ambedkar experience, remember to read the newspaper of the day on which you have your interview.

4. Some questions will undoubtedly be inspired by your application. For example I was asked about the place of my birth (Nalgonda), why it was famous etc. Nalgonda has been a hub for communist/naxalite activity since the 1940s, so I was asked about the state of Naxalism now- I said it wasn't very active now and one of the panel-members asked me if i was sure about that. - From this, I think if you are sure about something you should be assertive on it. If it does turn out to be wrong, then you can say that "you stand corrected" etc.

They will usually pick up some out-of-ordinary fact in your application form to ask questions about. Say, you have mentioned some different hobby, studied some place not usual etc, so expect questions on those areas.

However despite all preparation some questions inspired by your application will be a complete googly. For example I studied for sometime in London, so despite all my prep about my university, subject, burning issues in UK, they asked me about "London traffic". I was a little stumped- so the lesson is, expect the unexpected- you never know what will trigger their imagination. But such questions will be few and far between- dont let it unnerve you.

5. Usually the chairperson of the interview panel (who is always a Member of the UPSC) will begin questioning. He/She will ask a few questions and then request the next member to continue. Initially I felt that each member has a set of questions they ask, after which that issue is not repeated, but I was wrong. One of them asked me about Green Revolution and I didnt answer satisfactorily-when his turn ended I was relieved that the topic was over, but to my bad luck the last member again picked up the same issue. So a topic can continue.

6. BE PRECISE in your ANSWERS. They dont wait very long for your answer- so practice being precise in your answers. Write down 2-3 line answers for all the questions you have prepared.

If I remember any more then I will write again, but I just want to write some info on the physical process of the interview which may help first-time interviewees in becoming familiar with the process. So here goes:

a. When the interview list comes out, you  will see that against each day, the forenoon session and afternoon session are mentioned separately. Remember that the order in which your roll number appears on that list will be the order in which you will be called for interview. It helped me to know this, cause I was the first interviewee of the day.

b. The UPSC gates open at 9, so be there on time. Show your letter - enter the gates - enter the waiting hall. Here each of you will be given a table number where you have to be seated. This table is the group of aspirants who will be interviewed by the same panel. If you are carrying a mobile phone then there is a deposit facility before entering the waiting-hall.

c. Then they will ask you to show your certificates, photocopies, sign some forms, photographs etc. After this your certificates will be verified and the originals returned to you. 

d. Then they will place a big bundle of newspapers on every table for you to pass time. But if you are the first/second interviewee then you wont have much time, so read/browse the newspaper before you reach UPSC.

e. Then each interviewee will be called for the interview. You have to take your originals with you. You are taken to the interview room and made to sit outside on a bench. They have water bottles for you to drink there, (if you forget to take one along, like me).

f. Then you are called inside the room. These rooms are actually the rooms of each of the UPSC members-they are not very big. There are about 4-5 interviewers + 1 chairperson, so in all about 5-6 of them. They will be seated around the table and you will be motioned to a seat across them. When you sit, try and sit comfortably- with your back touching the backrest, feet on floor, open palm resting on the arms/in your lap etc (if you cant because you are short, or there are no armrests don't fret, just be as comfortable as you can)- this is basically so that you dont fidget during the interview

g. Ofcourse before sitting, greet everyone. And smile and try to relax. I was initially nervous and it showed in my answers but in a span of 2-3 questions i tried to relax and then my answers were better too.

h. The interview process usually lasts about 25-30 mins. But it could be shorter or longer and the length of the interview does not determine how well it went. I read an interview experience last year, where the interview lasted only a mere 15 mins but the guy was scored a 245 in the interview. So try and respond as best you can and to those you cant answer as many others would say, just say sorry that you dont know.

i. At the end of the interview thank everyone, and collect your file and leave.

Hope this helps. Good luck for the ongoing prep.

Best Wishes
Spurthi